Description
This course studies the fundamentals of how the design and operation of internal combustion engines affect their performance, efficiency, fuel requirements, and environmental impact. Topics include fluid flow, thermodynamics, combustion, heat transfer, friction phenomena, and fuel properties, with reference to engine power, efficiency, and emissions. Students examine the design features and operating characteristics of different types of internal combustion engines: spark-ignition, diesel, stratified-charge, and mixed-cycle engines
COURSE OUTLINE
Fundamentals of Internal Combustion Engines
Engine & Heat Engine
Comparison of Internal and External combustion engines
Pros and Cons of Internal Combustion engines
Engine classification.
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Classification of the Basis of Cycle of Operation
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Classification of the Basis of Type of Fuel Used
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Classification of the Basis of Method of Charging
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Classification of the Basis of Type of Ignition
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Classification of the Basis of Type of Cooling
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Classification of the Basis of Cylinder Arrangement
Basic engine components of IC Engine
Nomenclature of IC Engine
Four-stroke Spark Ignition SI Engines (Gasoline or Otto) & P-V AND T-S Diagrams of Otto Cycle
Four-stroke Compression Ignition CI Engines (Diesel) & P-V AND T-S Diagrams of Diesel Cycle
Comparison of four-stroke Spark Ignition SI and Compression Ignition CI Engines
Interactive learning of engine components and classification
Application of IC and EC Engines.
Comparison of Four-Stroke and Two-Stroke Engines
Engine performance parameters
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Indicated Thermal Efficiency
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Brake Thermal Efficiency
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Mechanical Efficiency
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Volumetric Efficiency
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Relative Efficiency
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Mean Effective pressure
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Mean piston speed
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Specific Power Output
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Specific fuel consumption
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Fuel-air (?/?) or Air-fuel Ratio (?/?)
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Equivalence ratio
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Calorific Value
Problem-based learning of Engine measurement and testing (Numerical)
Otto cycle
Derivation for expressions of Thermal Efficiency, Work output, and Mean
Effective Pressure of the Air Standard Otto cycle
Problem-based learning of the Air Standard Otto cycle (Numerical)
Diesel cycle
Derivation for expressions of Thermal Efficiency, Work output and Mean
Effective Pressure of the Air Standard Diesel cycle
Problem-based learning of the Air Standard Diesel cycle (Numerical)
Dual cycle
Derivation for expressions of Thermal Efficiency, Work output and Mean
Effective Pressure of the Air Standard Dual cycle.
Problem-based learning of the Air Standard Dual cycle (Numerical)
Comparison of Otto, Diesel, and Dual Cycles
Understand the Brayton Cycle
How to do soft calculations and plotting in excel for Solving Numerical
Why it is important to study types of fuels and their characteristics?
Types of fuels (Solid, Liquid, and Gaseous Fuels)
Chemical structure of Petroleum
Important qualities of SI engine fuels
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Volatility
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Starting & Warm-up
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Operating range performance:
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Crankcase Dilution
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Vapor Lock Characteristics:
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Antiknock Quality
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Gum Deposits
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Sulphur Content
Important qualities of CI engine fuels
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Knock Characteristics
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Volatility
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Starting Characteristics
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Smoking and Odour
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Viscosity
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Corrosion and Wear
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Handling Ease
Rating of SI & CI Engine Fuels
The calorific value of fuel
Why there is a need for alternate fuels?
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Alcohol as a fuel
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Hydrogen as a fuel
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Natural gas as a fuel
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LPG as fuel
Carburetor In Internal Combustion Engines
Factors Affecting Carburetion
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The Engine Speed
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Vaporization Characteristics of the Fuel
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The temperature of Incoming Air
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Design
Air-Fuel Mixture Requirements
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Idling/ Starting
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Cruising/ Normal Power
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Maximum Power/ Acceleration
Components of Carburetor
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Fuel Strainer
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Float Chamber
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Fuel Discharge Nozzle
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Choke Valve
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Throttle Valve
Principle of Carburetion
Deficiencies of the Elementary Carburetor
Understand Modern Carburetor Design
Compensating Devices
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Air Bleed Jet
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Compensating Jet
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Emulsion Tube
Types of Carburetor Based on Direction of Flow
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Up-draught
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Down-draught
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Cross –draught
Calculation of air Fuel Ratio in Carburetor
Problem-based learning of the Carburetor (Numerical)
Mechanical Injection Systems
Comparison between Carburetor and Mechanical Injection Systems
Functional Requirements of Injection Systems
Classification of Injection Systems
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Air Injection System
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Solid (Airless) Injection System
Main Components and working of Mechanical Injection Systems
Various Fuel Injection Systems
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Individual Pump and Nozzle Systems
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Unit Injector System
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Common Rail System
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Distributor System
Comparison of Various Fuel Injection System
Types of Pump in Fuel Injection Systems
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Fuel Feed Pumps
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Injection Pumps
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Jerk Type Pumps
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Distributor Type Pumps
Injection Pump Governor
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Mechanical Governor
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Pneumatic Governor
Fuel Injector Assembly and its working
Nozzle in Combustion Chamber
Functions of Nozzle
Types of Nozzles
Spray formation in Combustion Chamber
Quantity of Fuel and Size of Nozzle Orifice
Injection in SI Engines (Continued and Time Injection)
Combustion Process and Combustion Chambers in IC Engines
Introduction to Combustion
Combustion Reactions and Equations
Calorific Valves & Homogenous mixture of air and fuel for Combustion
Combustion in SI Engines
Stages of Combustion in SI Engines
Flame Front Propagation
Factors influencing the flame speed during Combustion
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Temperature and Pressure
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Engine Output
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Engine Speed
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Engine Size
Phenomena of Knock in SI Engines
Effects of Engine Variables on Knocking
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Density Factors
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Time Factors
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Composition Factors
Combustion in CI Engines
Stages of Combustion in CI Engines
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Ignition Delay Period
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Period of Rapid / Uncontrolled Combustion
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Period of controlled Combustion
Factors affecting the delay period
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Compression Ratio
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Intake Temperature
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Intake Pressure
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Quality of Fuels
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Speed
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Output
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Atomization and Duration of Injection
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Injection Timing
Comparison between SI and CI Engine Knocking
Characteristics of tending to Reduce Detonation or Knock
Combustion Chambers of SI and CI Engines
Numerical Problems Combustion and Combustion Chambers
Internal Combustion Engine Emissions and Control
Introduction to IC Engine Emissions
Air Pollution due to IC Engine
Euro Norms / European Emission Standards
Classification of Engine Emissions
Causes of Hydrocarbon Emission
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Incomplete Combustion
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Crevice Volumes and Flow in Crevices
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Leakage past the Exhaust Valves
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Valve Overlap
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Deposits on Walls
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Oil on Combustion Chamber Walls
HC Emissions from SI and CI Engines
Other Types of Engine Emissions
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Carbon Monoxide (CO) Emissions
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Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) Emissions
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Photochemical Smog
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Particulates Emission
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Aldehydes and Lead Emission
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Oxides of Sulfur (SOx) Emissions
Engine Emissions Controls
Modification in Engine Design & Operating Parameters
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Combustion Chamber Configuration
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Lower Compression Ratio
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Modified Induction System
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Ignition Timing
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Reduced Valve Overlap
Emissions Control by Exhaust Gas Oxidation
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Thermal Converters
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Catalytic Converters
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Exhaust Manifold Reactor
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Exhaust Gas Recirculation
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Particulate Traps
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Crankcase Blowby
Emission Control by Modification of Fuels
Lubrication and Lubrication Systems in IC Engines
Introduction to Lubrication
Lubrication and its Functions
Physical and Chemical Stability of Lubricant
Properties and Viscocity of Lubricants
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Flash Point and Free Point Temperature
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Cloud Point and Pour Point Temperature
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Oiliness, Anti Corrosive and Emulsification
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Adhesiveness, Film Strength & Specific Gravity
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Neutralization Number
Lubricating Oil Additives
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Detergents
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Dispersants
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Anti-Wear Additives
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Rust Inhibitors
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Viscosity Index Improvers
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Pour Point Additives
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Anti-Foaming Agents
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Anti-Oxidants
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Oiliness Improvement
Type of Lubricants
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Mineral Oils
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Fatty Oils
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Synthetic Oils
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Multi-Grade Oils
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Greases
Lubrication Systems
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Wet Sump Lubrication System
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Dry Sump Lubrication System
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Mist Lubrication System
Engine Cooling Systems for IC Engines
The necessity of Engine Cooling
Demerits of Over Cooling
Gas Temperature Variation
Effects of Operating Variables on Engine Heat Transfer
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Compression Ratio
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Air Fuel Ratio
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Ignition Timing
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Load and Speed
Cooling Systems
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Air-Cooling Systems
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Liquid/Water Cooling Systems
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